嵌入式系统常用术语锦集
嵌入式系统是面向用户、面向产品、面向应用的，它必须与具体应用相结合才会具有生命力、才更具有优势。以下是关于嵌入式系统常用术语，希望大家认真阅读!
A
ASIC(专用集成电路)
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware in a chip.
专用集成电路。一个在一个芯片上定制设计的硬件。
address bus (地址总线)
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripherals withwhich itcommunicates. The address bus is used by the processor to select aspecific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely address up to 2^n such locations.
一个连接处理器与所有外设的，用来通讯的电子线路集。地址总线被处理器用来选择在特定外设中的存储器地址或寄存器。如果地址总线有n条电子线路，处理器能唯一寻址高达2^n的地址空间。
application software(应用软件)
Describes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. Theapplication software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simplybecause each embedded system has a different application.
用来描述一个特定的嵌入式项目中的某一软件模块。应用软件不象可重用的交叉嵌入式平台，只是因为每一个嵌入式系统有不同的应用软件。
assembler(汇编编译器)
A software development tool that translates human-readable assembly languageprograms into machine-language instructions that the processor can understandand execute.
一个能把人可读的汇编语言程序转换到处理器可理解和运行的机器指令的软件开发工具。
assembly language(汇编语言)
A human-readable form of a processor"s instruction set. Most processor-specific functions must be written in assembly language.
一种人可读的处理器指令集的形式。大多数处理器相关的功能必须用汇编语言编写。
B
BSP(板卡支持包)
See board support package.
见board support package。
binary semaphore(二元信号)
A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex.
一种只有两种状态的信号。也叫互斥信号。
board support package(板卡支持包)
Part of a software package that is processor or platform-dependent. Typically,sample source code for the board support package is provided by the package developer. The sample code must be modified as necessary, compiled, and linked with the remainder of the software package.
软件包的具有平台依赖性的那一部分。典型地，板卡支持包的样例源程序由包开发者提供。样例源程序必须能在需要时被修改、编译并与软件包的剩下的部分连接起来。
bond-out processor (外合处理器)
A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals brought out to external pins. A bond-out processor is most often found within an emulator and is never intended to be used in a production system.
一种特殊版本的处理器，它有一些，内部的信号能传达到外置的针脚上。一个外合处理器绝大多数情况下只用在模拟器上，从来不会被特意用在产品系统上。
Breakpoint (断点)
A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of the processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools.
一个在程序中的地址，在那里程序的执行被停止，并且处理器的控制转换到了除错程序。大多数除错工具提供增加与删除一个断点的机制。
C
CISC(复杂指令集计算机)
Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, multiple addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose registers. Intel"s 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC. Contrast with RISC.
复杂指令集计算机。对一种处理器架构的描述。CISC处理器一般产生变长的指令，多种地址格式，并且仅仅有少量的通用寄存器。Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC处理器。相对于RISC而言。
CPU(中央处理器)
Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions.
中央处理器。处理器中执行指令的那一部分。
Compiler(编译器)
A software development tool that translates high-level language programs into the machine-language instructions that a particular processor can understand and execute.
把高级编程语言程序转换到只有特定的处理器能了解和执行的机器指令的一种软件开发包。
context (上下文)
The current state of the processor"s registers and flags.
处理器当前的状态和标志。
context switch(上下文切换)
The process of switching from one task to another in a multitasking operating system. A context switch involves saving the context of the running task and restoring the previously-saved context of the other. The piece of code that does this is necessarily processor-specific.
在多任务操作系统中我一个任务切换到另一个的过程。上下文切换包括保存正在运行的任务的上下文和恢复早先保存的另一个任务的上下文。做这个工作的一段代码必须具有处理器特权。
counting semaphore(计数信号)
A type of semaphore that is used to track multiple resources of the same type. An attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the available resources are in use. Contrast with binary semaphore.
一种用来跟踪多个相同类型资源的信号灯。仅仅在所有可用的资源都被用完了时才阻塞。相对二元信号而言。
critical section(临界段)
A block of code that must be executed in sequence and without interruption to guarantee correct operation of the software. See also race condition.
一段必须按次序执行的代码，并且不能被中断，否则不能保证软件正确地操作。参照：竞争状况。
cross-compiler(交叉编译器)
A compiler that runs on a different platform than the one for which it produces object code. A cross-compiler runs on a host computer and produces object code for the target.
一个运行在不同的平台上的编译器，其中之一能产生目标代码。交叉编译器在主机上运行并且产生目标机的目标代码。
D
DMA(直接内存访问)
Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal intervention by the processor. DMA transfers are managed by a third peripheral called a DMA controller.
直接内存访问。一种直接在两个外设(通常是内存和I/O设备)之间进行数据传输的技术，它只要处理器最少的介入。DMA传输由叫DMA控制器的第三方外设进行管理。
DRAM(动态随机访问存储器)
Dynamic Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that maintains its contents only as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals. The refresh cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM controller.
动态随机访问存储器。一种RAM，存储在其设备中的数据被定期刷新时才能保存它的内容。刷新周期一般由一个叫DRAM控制器的外设完成。
Data bus(数据总线)
A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripherals with which it communicates. When the processor wants to read (write) the contents of a memory location or register within a particular peripheral, it sets the address bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the contents on the data bus.
连接处理器与所有外设进行通讯的电子线路集。当一个处理器想去写(读)某一特定外设中的存储器地址或寄存器中的内容时，处理器设置地址总线并在数据总线上接收(传输)内容。
Deadline(死线)
The time at which a particular set of computations must be completed. See also real-time system.
一个特定计算必须被完成的时间。请看实时系统。
Deadlock(死锁)
An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, waiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a deadlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usually possible to prevent deadlocks altogether by following certain software design practices.
一种不希望出现的软件状态，在这个状态下，所有的任务因为等待一个只有在这些被阻塞任务之一才能产生的事件而被阻塞。如果死锁发生，唯一解决的方法是重启动硬件。但是，通过可靠的软件设计实践活动通常可以防止死锁的发生。
debug monitor(除错监视程序)
A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for use as a debugging tool. It usually resides in ROM and communicates with a debugger via a serial port or network connection. The debug monitor provides a set of primitive commands to view and modify memory locations and registers, create and remove breakpoints, and execute your program. The debugger combines these primitives to fulfill higher-level requests like program download and single-step.
嵌入式软件被特殊设计来作为除错工具的一部分。它一般被放在ROM中，通过串口或网络与除错器进行通讯。除错监视程序提供一个简单的命令集来显示和内存地址和寄存器、建立和移除断点，并且运行你的程序。除错监视器组合这些简单的命令去实现象程序下载各单步调试等高端的请求。
Debugger(除错器)
A software development tool used to test and debug embedded software. The debugger runs on a host computer and connects to the target through a serial port or network connection. Using a debugger you can download software to the target for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints and examine the contents of specific memory locations and registers.
一个软件开发工具，被用来对嵌入式软件进行测试和除错。除错器在宿主机上运行并且通过串口或网络连接到目标机上。你能使用除错器下载软件到目标机并直接运行。你也可以设置断点并检查特定内存地址或寄存器的内容。
device driver(设备驱动程序)
A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and provides a high-level programming interface to it.
一个软件模块，它隐藏特定外设的细节并提供高级的外设编程接口。
device programmer(设备编程器)
A tool for programming non-volatile memories and other electrically-programmable devices. Typically, the programmable device is ed into a socket on the device programmer and the contents of a memory buffer are then transferred into it.
一种用来对不挥发内存和其他电可编程设备进行编程的工具。典型地，可编程设备插在设备编程器的接口上，接着内存缓存器中的内容被传送到它里面。